Drug Education and Intervention in the Workplace

Initially introduced by Halbert Dunn in the 1950’s, wellness became a popular buzzword during the late 1970’s and received considerable academic attention in the 1980’s.  Worksite Health Promotion Programs for workers became more widespread during the following decade, and credible evidence for their economic viability began to be published.  There have now been over 100 published studies on this topic and a number of systematic reviews.

Health risks increase costs.  Healthcare Insurance costs escalate with both age and number of risks present.8,10   The number of risks is also strongly related to sick leave absenteeism, Worker’s Compensation costs, short-term disability, and reduced productivity (”presenteeism”).

Early Corporate Health Promotion Programs were relatively basic and typically produced a return on investment (ROI) of less than one dollar for every dollar invested operating the program (ROI = <1:1).8 Such programs might be characterized as "fun-oriented".  Participation is entirely voluntary, and there is no particular focus on the reduction of specifically identified high risks.  Interventions and activities are not personalized, and there is no emphasis on the management of health expenditures.  These programs are typically site-based only, lack options to address all of the primary behaviorally-related health risks, and lack multimodal presentation.  Minimal or no incentives are offered to employees for participation, and services to spouses and family members are not available.  Most such programs lack meaningful evaluation.  

More conventional programs are "activity-oriented" and have shown an ROI of between 1:2.5 and 1:3.5.8 These programs may have a greater emphasis on health and risk reduction, even though the efforts are relatively broad and not customized.  They may have some generalized emphasis on health cost management, even though not necessarily aimed at specific high risks.  Most are site-based and voluntary, with spouses included only rarely.  Modest incentives may be utilized to advocate participation.  Formal evaluation may be weak.

The newest and most economically viable programs are "results-oriented" and exemplify the health and productivity management model.  These programs consistently produce return rates of 1:4 or greater within a 12-24 month period.8   Such programs are strongly focused on the reduction of specifically identified high risks and the management of health expenditures.  They are generally voluntary, but use strong monetary and other incentives and rewards to reward participation.  They are multi-component in nature (address all major risks), and have both workplace and virtual modalities of operation.  The interventions are highly targeted and individualized, and offered to spouses as well as workers.

For employers, the expense of providing health insurance for their employees is of great importance.  Those costs have been rising at yearly rates between 6% and 14%. Chapman's 2007 systematic review published an average decline in medical costs of 26.5% as a result of Employee Wellness Programs.  His review covered 60 of the most scientifically valid studies, with an average of 3.77 years of study.

Absenteeism due to illness is another cost driver.  Chapman's review reports an average decline in sick time of 25.3%.   Cost for Worker's Compensation was reduced by 40.7%, and disability costs by 24.2%. There is also an emerging literature on the costs of presenteeism (reduced productivity).11,13  In one study, every risk reduced through a wellness program yielded a 9 percent decline in presenteeism (and a 2 percent decline in absenteeism).

Some employers have achieved a zero percent rise in health care costs across at least brief periods of time.10  Doing so requires 90-95% participation of the employee population in focused wellness drives, with 75%-85% of the staff members falling into the low risk category.10  Although robust efforts to reduce the risk status of those in moderate or elevated risk categories must be made, the needs of currently healthy staff members must be addressed as well to avoid increases in risk-status.

Given the size of the federal workforce, significant cost savings in the government's contribution to medical insurance premiums for staff members could be achieved if a majority of that population were participating in active wellness programs.  Similarly, improvements in absenteeism, worker's compensation, disability, presenteeism, and turnover as a result of robust Corporate Health Promotion Programs would provide substantial fiscal advantages for the government.

References

1.   Aldana, Steven G.  (2001)   Financial Impact of Employee Health Promotion Programs:  A Comprehensive Review of the Literature.   Am J Health Promotion 15(5):296-320.
2.   Chapman, Larry.  (1998)   The Role of Incentives in Health Promotion.  The Art of Health Promotion  2(3):1-8.
3.   Chapman, Larry.   (2003)   Biometric Screening in Health Promotion:  Is it Really As Important as We Think?  The Art of Health Promotion  7(2):1-12.
4.   Chapman, Larry.  (2005)   Meta-Evaluation of Worksite Health Promotion Programs Economic Return Studies: 2005 Update.  The Art of Health Promotion, July/August, 1-15.
5.   Chapman, Larry.   (2006)   Employee Participation in Corporate Wellness Programs and Corporate Wellness Programs:  How Important are Incentives, and Which Ones work Best?   North Carolina Medical Journal   67(6):  431-432.
6.   Chapman, Larry, Lesch, Nancy, and Passas Baun, Mary Beth.   (2007)   The Role of Health and Wellness Coaching in Company Health Promotion Programs.   The Art of Health Promotion, July/August, 1-12.
7.   Chapman, Larry.  (2007)   Proof Positive:  An Analysis of the cost-Effectiveness of Job Site Wellness.  Northwest Health Management Publishing, Seattle, WA.
8.   Chapman, Larry.  (2007)   An In-Depth Look at the Economic Evidence for Rewarding Health Behavior Change.   Workshop presentation at the World Research Group “Rewarding Healthy Behaviors for Health Plans and Employers” Conference, Orlando, FL, January 23-24.
9.   Edington, Dee.   (2001)   Emerging Research:  A View from One Research Center.  American Journal of Health Promotion 15(5): 341-349.
10.   Edington, Dee W.  (2007)   Health Management as a Serious Business Strategy.  Presentation at the World Research Group “Rewarding Healthy Behaviors for Health Plans and Employers” Conference, Orlando, FL, January 23-24.
11.   Pelletier, Barbara, Boles, Myde, and Lunch, Wendy.  (2004)  Changes in Health Risks and Work Productivity.   Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 46(7): 746-754.
12.   Pelletier, Kenneth R.  (2005)   A Review and Analysis of the Clinical and Cost-Effectiveness Studies of comprehensive Health and Disease Management Programs at the Worksite: Update VI 2000-2004.  JOEM 47(10)1051-1058.
13.   DeVol, Ross, Bedroussian, Armen, et. al.  (2007)  An Unhealthy America:  The Economic Burden of Chronic Disease.  Report released by the Milken Institute.   www.milkeninstitute.org.
14.   Partnership for Prevention.  (2008) Investing in Health:  Proven Health Promotion Practices for Workplaces.   http://www.prevent.org/images/stories/2008/investinginhealth_finalfinal.pdf.